United States v. Wills, Docket No. 06-0115-crt (2d Cir. Feb. 5, 2007) (Feinberg, Cabranes, Sack): It’s an all-too-familiar occurrence these days, and has happened again. This opinion finds (surprise!) a below-guideline sentence to be unreasonable. Remarkably, though, the court did not take on the government’s claim that the sentence, which was ten years below the advisory minimum, was substantively unreasonable. Rather, the court focused on the district court’s consideration of two statutory factors, and found that the sentence was procedurally unreasonable.
First on the court’s radar screen was the district court’s conclusion that, since the defendant would be deported immediately after serving his sentence, he presented a low risk of recidivism, under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C). The circuit has, in a series of post-Booker opinions, taken a dim view of categorical deviations from the guidelines. So it is hardly surprising that it rejected the distirct court’s reasoning. The appellate court noted first that it was not necessarily true that the defendant’s deportation would stop him from recidivating. He could commit crimes against Americans abroad, ship drugs here from home, or illegally reenter. The court also noted that since something like 37% of federal defendants are not U.S. citizens, the district court “flout[ed] the [statutory] goal of individualized justice.”
Remarkably, however, the court did not compeltely shut this door. It held that a district court “can consider deportation [as a ground for a lower sentence] when [it] identifies, with some particularity, why a specific defendant is certain to be deported and why deportation, in light of that defendant’s individual circumstances, will serve to protect the public.” Huh? Isn’t that essentially what the district court did here? Why would the circuit support a lower sentence in some future case based on precisely the kind of speculation that it rejected in this one? It seems that it’s all about individualization. Apparently, as long as the sentencing court ties its decision to something specific about the particular defendant, and not to some general feature that would apply to a large number of defendants, the sentence will be reasonable. Well, at least procedurally reasonable.
The second issue here had to do with sentencing disparities among co-defendants. Those of Wills’ co-defendants who were successfully prosecuted all pled guilty and cooperated with the government, and the most severe sentence among them was 96 months’ imprisonment. Wills alone went to trial, was ultimately found to be an organizer or leader, and faced a guideline minimum of 292 months, despite the fact that he had no prior convictions. The district court held that the huge disparity between this sentence and those of the co-defendants was “not appropriate.” This was its second reason for imposing a non-guideline sentence.
The circuit has previously held that the statute does not prohibit considering differences among co-defendants when imposing a sentence, and it reaffirmed that position here. The problem in this case was that the sentencing court did not make the right kind of record. The appellate court complained that the district judge “provided no assessment of how Wills was similarly situated to his co-defendants and why that would matter in light of the differences.” It also pointed out that the court must also at least pay lip service to national disparities when addressing intra-case disparities.
The curiously worded remand seems intended to implement the court’s concern with individualized sentencing, and does not rule out the re-imposition of the same sentence on the second round. It instructs the district court to sentence Wills without regard to his future deportation “unless the court finds, with some particularly, that WIlls is certain to be deported and that deportation … will serve to protect the public.” As for disparities, the instruction is to consider “why any putatitve similarites between Wills and his co-defendants … warrant a narrow gap in sentences,” and to be “mindful” of of the goal of avoiding national disparities.
So what’s the lesson of Wills? It is this: What the district court says is more important than what it does. When preparing for a sentencing with these sorts of issues, defense counsel needs to give the district court the ammunition it needs to say the right thing. Point out that the defendant’s plan for readjusting to life in his home country will minimize the risk of his reentering or engaging in crimes against Americans from there. WIth respect to co-defendants who received lenient treatment, make sure to make their conduct look as bad as, or worse than, the client’s.
These days, a record that includes individualized findings about your particular defendant will be key in defending a lenient non-guideline sentence on appeal.
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