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Sunday, January 2nd, 2011

Waiving Bye-Bye

United States v. Arevalo, No. 09-0576-cr (2d Cir. December 21, 2010) (Jacobs, Kearse, Straub, CJJ)

Defendant Manuel Vigil pled guilty to conspiracy to commit murder in aid of racketeering and using a firearm in connection with a crime of violence. He did so pursuant to a plea agreement that contained an appeal waiver – he promised not to “file an appeal or otherwise challenge” his conviction or sentence if the district court imposed a sentence of 195 months’ imprisonment or less.

When he was sentenced, although Vigil disputed certain facts in the presentence report, the district court did not resolve any of the disputes. It ultimately sentenced him to 157 months’ imprisonment.

Despite the waiver, Vigil filed a pro se notice of appeal. His attorney then filed an Anders brief, but the circuit bounced it. After counsel repeatedly ignored the court’s orders to cure the Anders brief, the court appointed …


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Categories: appeal waiver, Rule 32, Uncategorized

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PATRIOT Games

United States v. Abu-Jihaad, No. 09-1375-cr (2d Cir. December 20, 2010) (Raggi, Hall, Chin, CJJ)

Defendant Hassan Abu-Jihaad, whose birth name was Paul R. Hall, was convicted of communicating national defense information about the movement of a Navy battlegroup to unauthorized persons. On appeal, his primary challenge was to the use of evidence that the government obtained pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (“FISA”). The circuit affirmed.

Background

Despite changing his last name from “Hall” to “Abu-Jihaad,” which, according to the court, means “Father of Jihad,” the defendant enlisted in the Navy in January of 1998 without any trouble. For the next four years he was cleared to receive classified national defense information. But a chain of circumstantial evidence revealed that, in 2001, he passed classified information about the movement of Navy ships headed for the Persian Gulf to other jihad supporters.

The investigation of Abu-Jihaad began after the …


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Categories: FISA, Fourth Amendment, Uncategorized

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Sunday, December 19th, 2010

Equal Rejection

United States v. Thomas, No. 09-4335-cr (2d Cir. December 16, 2010) (Jacobs, Kearse, Straub, CJJ)

The circuit has twice upheld strict liability nature of the “stolen gun” enhancement, currently codified as U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A). Here, the defendant raised the issue again, arguing that Apprendi and its progeny have undermined the circuit precedent on this point, and also made an equal protection claim.

The circuit affirmed. Apprendi does not apply because the enhancement does not alter the statutory maximum penalty, and the Booker line does not affect the analysis, because those cases “concern the advisory nature of the Guidelines” and not “the validity of any particular guideline.”

Thomas also argued that “emerging data” indicated that many firearms are erroneously reported stolen and that this should cause the court to revisit the issue. The court disagreed, finding that this data “actually reinforce[d]” the existing rule. Guns that are falsely reported as stolen …


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Categories: equal protection, Uncategorized

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PC World

United States v. Diaz, No. 10-317 (2d Cir. December 15, 2010) (Cabranes, Pooler, Wesley, CJJ) (per curiam)

In October, the court issued a non-precedential summary order holding that the Fair Sentencing Act (the “FSA”) is not retroactive. See “Summary Summary” posted October 27, 2010. This per curiam is a published opinion to the same effect, at least where the defendant was “convicted and sentenced before the FSA was enacted.”

Nominally, at least, the door is still open for FSA retroactivity arguments for defendants whose conduct occurred before the FSA, but whose conviction and sentences took place afterwards.…


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Categories: FSA, retroactivity, Uncategorized

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Summary Summary

Here are the two latest summary orders of interest.

In United States v. Spitsyn, No. 09-4698-cr (2d Cir. December 16, 2010), the court agreed with the parties that the district court relied on clearly erroneous findings of fact in a bank fraud case to support ts finding that all of the checks the defendants cashed were relevant conduct. However, the court rejected the defendant’s request that the court order that the resentencing occur on the existing record. Instead, the district court will have the discretion to reopen the record if it sees fit.

In United States v. Roseboro, No. 09-5002-cr (2d Cir. December 8, 2010), although the court agreed that the district court erred in attributing criminal history points to a conviction that fell outside the applicable time periods set out in U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(e) and (k)(2), it found that the error was harmless. The sentence the district court selected …

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Labor Pains

United States v. Markle, No. 06-1600-cr (2d Cir. December 14, 2010) (Jacobs, Pooler, Parker, CJJ)

In United States v. Enmons, 410 U.S. 396 (1973), the Supreme Court held that extortion liability under the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1951, did not extend to violence in pursuit of “legitimate labor ends” that occurs during a lawful strike that is intended to achieve “legitimate collective-bargaining objectives.”

Defendant Markle was convicted of attempted Hobbs Act extortion after a violent confrontation arising from two unions’ turf war over the right to perform “fine sweep work” – the preparation of a floor surface before installing tile – at a construction site in upstate New York. He argued both in the district court and on appeal that Enmons precluded liability.

The circuit disagreed. The Enmons defense is not available if there is no legitimate labor union objective. Courts have generally limited the defense to the context …


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Categories: extortion, Hobbs Act, Uncategorized

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Saturday, December 18th, 2010

Plain Terror

United States v. Marcus, No. 07-4005-cr (2d Cir. December 7, 2010) (Calabresi, Straub, Wesley, CJJ)

This is Marcus’ second go-round in the circuit. He won the first time, in August of 2008, (see “Sex Post Facto”, posted August 18, 2008). The government got cert, and the Supreme Court reversed, holding that the first panel had used an incorrect plain error standard. In this decision, on remand from the Supremes, Marcus had only a partial win.

The underlying conduct is particularly disturbing. From October of 1998 through June of 1999, Marcus was in a consensual, albeit kinky, sexual relationship with “Jodi.” This nature of the relationship changed in October 1999 when Jodi refused to recruit her sister to become one of Marcus’ “sex slaves.” In response, Marcus “punished” Jodi severely, and began to terrorize her regularly. With this, the relationship became nonconsensual.

In January of 2000, Marcus directed Jodi to move …


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Categories: ex post facto, plain error, Uncategorized

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Monday, December 13th, 2010

PC World

United States v. Bouknight, No. 09-4085-cr (2d Cir. December 7, 2010) (Katzmann, Livingston, CJJ, Korman, DJ)

This latest per curiam was a summary order that, on the government’s motion, the court published. In it, the court holds that a sentence to a conditional discharge in Connecticut state court is a “criminal justice sentence” for purposes of the criminal history enhancement in U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d). The court had long ago held that this was true for a New York State conditional discharge. The defense here attempted to distinguish Connecticut from New York by pointing out that in New York a conditional discharge can be revoked, while in Connecticut it can only be modified or enlarged. But, to the circuit, the distinction did not matter. That a Connecticut conditional discharge can be modified is sufficient, because it still means that the sentence has a “supervisory component.”

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Saturday, December 11th, 2010

What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You

United States v. Andino, No. 09-4694-cr (2d Cir. December 3, 2010) (Kearse, Calabresi, Wesley, CJJ)

In 2008, customs officials intercepted a package containing cocaine addressed to “Andino Jose” at an address in the Bronx. After a controlled delivery to that address, the recipient called defendant Andino, who picked up the package and brought it to an adjacent building, where he left it unopened.

Customs agents then placed him under arrest, and Andino admitted that he had been paid to pick up the package and transport it. He said that he knew the package contained drugs, but believed it contained marijuana, not cocaine.

At Andino’s trial, the government sought a jury instruction stating that the government would need to prove only that Andino knew the package contained a controlled substance – any controlled substance – and not specifically cocaine. Andino, on his part, wanted a charge requiring the government to prove …


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Two Steps Forward

United States v. Capers, No 07-1830-cr (2d Cir. December 1, 2010) (Pooler, Hall CJJ, Trager, DJ)

This decision, which was sub judice for nearly two and one-half years, attempts to sort out the confusion left by the Supreme Court’s decision in Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004).

Seibert involved a two-step interrogation strategy that was calculated to circumvent Miranda. The Missouri officers there had been trained to withhold Miranda warnings and question a suspect until he confessed. They would then Mirandize him, secure a waiver, and elicit a second confession. A four-justice plurality held that this two-step procedure violated Miranda because a suspect “hearing warnings only in the aftermath of interrogation and just after making a confession” would “hardly think he had a genuine right to remain silent.” The plurality identified five factors to be weighed in analyzing the effectiveness of post-interrogation Miranda warnings.

Justice Kennedy concurred in the …

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