Author Archive | Steve Statsinger

United States v. Stewart, Docket No. 05-1989-cr (2d Cir. May 8, 2007) (Kearse, Sotomayor, C.JJ., and Koeltl, D.J.). In this extremely fact-bound opinion, the Court concludes that the district court correctly found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant procured the unavailability of a hearsay declarant.

The “forfeiture-by-wrongdoing” rule is well established, and has been codified in Rule 804(b)(6) since 1997. The defendant here did not contest the rule itself, nor did he did introduce Crawford into the mix (perhaps his trial was pre-Crawford), but rather challenged only the district court’s finding that the defendant was responsible for the murder of one of the witnesses against him. The Court was utterly unsympathetic to this claim, mapping out the apparently compelling, albeit circumstantial, evidence that the defendant ordered a confederate to do the deed.

More interesting was the defendant’s argument that the forfeiture rule should not be applied because …

Untied States v. Canova, Docket No. 05-6459-cr (2d Cir. May 8, 2007) (Meskill, Newman and Sack, C.JJ.) In this case, for the second time, the Court finds fault with the district court’s lenient treatment of John Canova.

Facts: Canova was convicted after a jury trial of making false statements and various similar offenses, all the result of his efforts to obstruct a Medicare investigation into his pacemaker monitoring business. At his first sentencing, which was post-Booker, the district court imposed a Guideline sentence of one year’s probation and a fine. It arrived at this sentence principally by concluding that there was no loss (the government alleged a $5 million loss) and granting a six-level downward departure for Canova’s “extraordinary record of civil and public service.” On the government’s appeal, the Court vacated the sentence, holding that the district court’s finding of no loss was error. However, the Court remarked that …

United States v. Chirino, Docket No. 06-1207-cr (2d Cir. April 12, 2007) (Kearse, McLaughlin, Straub, C.JJ). In a decision that breaks no new ground, the Court upholds the search of a probationer’s bedroom and dresser – where officers found a firearm -that was based on reasonable suspicion that the defendant was in violation of the terms of his probation.

Here, before the search, the officers had information that the defendant, who was on probation for robbery, was in a street gang. Moreover, he had recently been seen in the company of a fourteen-year-old girl who was missing, and who had been held against her will and sexually abused by members of the same gang. When the officers encountered the defendant, he was in bed, nearly naked, with two other underage girls. The Court’s conclusion that these facts constituted reasonable suspicion should shock no one.

The Court also, unsurprisingly, rejected a …

United States v. Kaplan, Docket No. 05-5531-cr (2d Cir. April 11, 2007)(Feinberg, Leval, Cabranes, C.JJ). Here, improper testimony by a co-conspirator about the defendant’s knowledge of the fraud resulted in the reversal of some, but not all, counts of conviction.

Facts: This case involved a complex insurance fraud scheme, with staged automobile accidents and corrupt doctors, all aided by a corrupt lawyer named Galkovich, who actually filed the claims. In 2001, Galkovich was arrested and risked losing his law license, so other conspirators arranged for his firm to be sold to defendant Kaplan. At trial, Galkovich was permitted to testify, over objection, that his initial conversations with Kaplan led him to conclude that Kaplan knew that the insurance claims were fraudulent (e.g., “I think he knew exactly what he was getting into.”).

The district court also permitted Galkovich to testify that both he and others knew about the fraud. The …

We’re back from “spring break,” and are catching up on Second Circuit decisions since our last post.…

United States v. Green, Docket No. 05-3830-cr (2d. Cir. March 13, 2007) (Kearse, Sotomayor, Parker). Here, the circuit accepted a defendant’s claim that the government might not have properly proven a recidivism enhancement – the six-level bump for having a prior drug trafficking conviction under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) .

In 1996, Michael Green was convicted of attempted criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree under N.Y. Penal Law §§ 110.00 & 220.16 (McKinney 1987). Section 220.16, the drug statute (§ 110.00 is the attempt statute), has multiple subsections; pertinent here are Subsection 1, which makes it a crime to possess a “narcotic drug with intent to sell it” and Subsection 12, which makes it a crime to possess more than one-half ounce of a narcotic drug. Subsection 1 triggers the enhancement under 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), because it involves the intent to distribute, but Subsection 12 does not. Green had …

United States v. Siindima, Docket No. 06-2245-cr (2d Cir. March 5, 2007)(Sack, Katzmann, Parker). It has long seemed as if reasonableness review in the Second Circuit was a one-way street permantently running in the wrong direction. Bucking the trend, at last, is Sindima. Here, the Court found that a 36-month probation violation sentence was substantively unreasonable, where the guideline sentencing range was 4 to 10 months.

Sindima’s saga began in 2003, when he was sentenced to three years’ probation on what appears to have been a $9,000 mail fraud. Although both the district court and the appellate court referred to this sentence as a “break,” it in fact was a guideline sentence, not a variance, since the guideline sentencing range was 0 to 6 months’ imprisonment.

About two years into his term of probation, Sindima engaged in an elaborate check-kiting scheme, for which he was arrested by local authorities, but …

United States v. Wills, Docket No. 06-0115-crt (2d Cir. Feb. 5, 2007) (Feinberg, Cabranes, Sack): It’s an all-too-familiar occurrence these days, and has happened again. This opinion finds (surprise!) a below-guideline sentence to be unreasonable. Remarkably, though, the court did not take on the government’s claim that the sentence, which was ten years below the advisory minimum, was substantively unreasonable. Rather, the court focused on the district court’s consideration of two statutory factors, and found that the sentence was procedurally unreasonable.

First on the court’s radar screen was the district court’s conclusion that, since the defendant would be deported immediately after serving his sentence, he presented a low risk of recidivism, under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C). The circuit has, in a series of post-Booker opinions, taken a dim view of categorical deviations from the guidelines. So it is hardly surprising that it rejected the distirct court’s reasoning. The appellate court …

United States v. DeFonte, Docket No. 06-1046-cr (March 14, 2006) (before Jacobs, Wesley, C.J.J., Koeltl, D.J.)

This interesting per curiam decision holds that a prison inmate retains her attorney-client prvilege with respect to a diary that she maintained while incarcerated.

Facts: Defendant DeFonte, a (former, presumably) correction officer at the MCC, was on trial for crimes that he was charged with having committed in the course of his employment. One of the witnesses against him was to be an inmate, Francia Collazos. Shortly before trial, the government learned, and ultimately obtained possession of, a diary that she maintained in her cell containing her writings about incidents inovling DeFonte and conversations with her own attorney and the prosecutors. When DeFonte’s attorney learned of the diary, he requested that it be turned over to the defense as 3500 and Giglio material. Collazos moved to intervene. She sought a protective order claiming …

Abdul Majid and Bashi Hameed v. Leonard A. Portuondo, Robert Kuhlmann, Docket Nos. 03-2608, 03-2610 (2d Cir. October 26, 2005)(Oakes, Kearse, Sack, op. by Sack). In a very long opinion that doesn’t really say much, the Court found no constitutional right to cross-examine witnesses at a Batson hearing.

In 1986, Majid and Hameed, represented by William Kunstler and our own Mark Gombiner, were convicted of murdering a New York City police officer. During jury selection, the prosecutor exercised perempetory challenges against twelve of the fifteen African-American members of the venire (and against two African-American alternates), and six of the thirty-six others. During the trial, the Supreme Court decided Batson v. Kentucky. On appeal, the defendants successfully argued that the prosecutor’s conduct raised an inference of purposeful discrimination, and the Appellate Division remitted the case to the trial court for a hearing.

The hearing took place in 1992, some six years …

Walker v. Girdrich, Docket No. 03-2645 (June 8, 2005) (Jacobs, Calabresi (C.J.J.) and Rakoff (D.J.)), (Op.by Jacobs).

Presaging the United States Supreme Court’s Miller-El decision by just five days, the Court of Appeals here rejected a state prosecutor’s reason for striking single black prospective juror, and granted the petitioner’s writ.

Facts

Tried in the New York Supreme Court, Kings County, on drug charges, Robert Walker lodged a
Batson objection after the prosecutor used twelve of thirteen peremptory challenges to remove African-Americans from the venire, alleging that the strikes were the product of purposeful discrimination. The trial judge concluded that there was no ‘pattern’ of discrimination, but invited the prosecutor to give her reason for striking the juror in question, Bernard Jones, who had not yet been discharged. The prosecutor indicated, inter alia, that Mr. Jones “gave one word answers” and was concerned about missing work, but noted that her “main …